The literal values in Groovy are similar to those in Java, but Groovy allows for generic variables that can hold any type and provides no enforcement and it allows you to declare variables with types and then enforce the type.

Declare variables with def

Declaring a varable using def allows for the flexibility most dynamic programming languges provide.

examples/groovy/variable_types_def.groovy

def x = 23
println x            // 23

x = "hello"
println x           // hello

x = 3.14
println x           // 3.14

x = ["abc", "def"]
println x           // [abc, def]
println x[0]        // abc

x = true
println x           // true

Declare variable as Integer

examples/groovy/variable_types_integer.groovy

Integer n = 19
println n       // 19

n = 3.14
println n       // 3

n = "world"    // GroovyCastException

// n = [2, 3]  // GroovyCastException

If we declare a variable to be Integer it provides automatic casting from other numbers, but does not allow the assignment of other types. For example it will throw the following exception if we try to assign a string or a list: 

Caught: org.codehaus.groovy.runtime.typehandling.GroovyCastException: Cannot cast object 'world' with class 'java.lang.String' to class 'java.lang.Integer'
org.codehaus.groovy.runtime.typehandling.GroovyCastException: Cannot cast object 'world' with class 'java.lang.String' to class 'java.lang.Integer'
	at variable_types_integer.run(variable_types_integer.groovy:4)

byte

examples/groovy/variable_types_byte.groovy

byte b = 1
println b  // 1

b = 127
println b  // 127

b++
println b  // -128

b = 200
println b  // -56

b = 3.4
println b  // 3

b = "hello"  // GroovyCastException

Numbers

// primitive types
byte  b = 1
char  c = 2
short s = 3
int   i = 4
long  l = 5

// infinite precision
BigInteger bi =  6


// primitive types
float  f = 1.234
double d = 2.345

// infinite precision
BigDecimal bd =  3.456

Boolean

We can declare a variable as boolean and then it can only hold true or false, but we can assign any type of value to it and it will be automatically converted to either true or false.

examples/groovy/variable_types_boolean.groovy

boolean b = false
println b    // false

b = true
println b    // true

b = 2 > 3
println b    // false

b = 2
println b    // true

b = 0
println b    // false

b = "abc"
println b    // true

b = ""
println b    // false

b = ["hello"]
println b    // true

b = []
println b    // false

Groovy Truth provides the details of the coercion to boolean values.

Syntax

See the Groovy syntax for more details.